中华人民共和国加入议定书(英文本)
世界贸易组织法律文件
PROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Preamble
The World Trade Organization ("WTO"), pursuant to the approval of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO accorded under Article XII of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ("WTO Agreement"), and the People's Republic of China ("China"),
Recalling that China was an original contracting party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947,
Taking note that China is a signatory to the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,
Taking note of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China in document WT/ACC/CHN/49 ("Working Party Report"),
Having regard to the results of the negotiations concerning China's membership in the WTO,
Agree as follows:
Part I - General Provisions
1. General
1. Upon accession, China accedes to the WTO Agreement pursuant to Article XII of that Agreement and thereby becomes a Member of the WTO.
2. The WTO Agreement to which China accedes shall be the WTO Agreement as rectified, amended or otherwise modified by such legal instruments as may have entered into force before the date of accession. This Protocol, which shall include the commitments referred to in paragraph 342 of the Working Party Report, shall be an integral part of the WTO Agreement.
3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, those obligations in the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed to the WTO Agreement that are to be implemented over a period of time starting with entry into force of that Agreement shall be implemented by China as if it had accepted that Agreement on the date of its entry into force.
4. China may maintain a measure inconsistent with paragraph 1of Article II of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ("GATS") provided that such a measure is recorded in the List of Article II Exemptions annexed to this Protocol and meets the conditions of the Annex to the GATS on Article II Exemptions.
2. Administration of the Trade Regime
(A) Uniform Administration
1. The provisions of the WTO Agreement and this Protocol shall apply to the entire customs territory of China, including border trade regions and minority autonomous areas, Special Economic Zones, open coastal cities, economic and technical development zones and other areas where special regimes for tariffs, taxes and regulations are established (collectively referred to as "special economic areas").
2. China shall apply and administer in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner all its laws, regulations and other measures of the central government as well as local regulations, rules and other measures issued or applied at the sub-national level (collectively referred to as "laws, regulations and other measures") pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights ("TRIPS") or the control of foreign exchange.
3. China's local regulations, rules and other measures of local governments at the sub-national level shall conform to the obligations undertaken in the WTO Agreement and this Protocol.
4. China shall establish a mechanism under which individuals and enterprises can bring to the attention of the national authorities cases of non-uniform application of the trade regime.
(B) Special Economic Areas
1. China shall notify to the WTO all the relevant laws, regulations and other measures relating to its special economic areas, listing these areas by name and indicating the geographic boundaries that define them. China shall notify the WTO promptly, but in any case within 60 days, of any additions or modifications to its special economic areas, including notification of the laws, regulations and other measures relating thereto.
2. China shall apply to imported products, including physically incorporated components, introduced into the other parts of China's customs territory from the special economic areas, all taxes, charges and measures affecting imports, including import restrictions and customs and tariff charges, that are normally applied to imports into the other parts of China's customs territory.
3. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, in providing preferential arrangements for enterprises within such special economic areas, WTO provisions on non-discrimination and national treatment shall be fully observed.
(C) Transparency
1. China undertakes that only those laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange that are published and readily available to other WTO Members, individuals and enterprises, shall be enforced. In addition, China shall make available to WTO Members, upon request, all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange before such measures are implemented or enforced. In emergency situations, laws, regulations and other measures shall be made available at the latest when they are implemented or enforced.
2. China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods, services, TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and, after publication of its laws, regulations or other measures in such journal, shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented, except for those laws, regulations and other measures involving national security, specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement. China shall publish this journal on a regular basis and make copies of all issues of this journal readily available to individuals and enterprises.
3. China shall establish or designate an enquiry point where, upon request of any individual, enterprise or WTO Member all information relating to the measures required to be published under paragraph 2(C)1 of this Protocol may be obtained. Replies to requests for information shall generally be provided within 30 days after receipt of a request. In exceptional cases, replies may be provided within 45 days after receipt of a request. Notice of the delay and the reasons therefor shall be provided in writing to the interested party. Replies to WTO Members shall be complete and shall represent the authoritative view of the Chinese government. Accurate and reliable information shall be provided to individuals and enterprises.
(D) Judicial Review
1. China shall establish, or designate, and maintain tribunals, contact points and procedures for the prompt review of all administrative actions relating to the implementation of laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application referred to in Article X:1 of the GATT 1994, Article VI of the GATS and the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Such tribunals shall be impartial and independent of the agency entrusted with administrative enforcement and shall not have any substantial interest in the outcome of the matter.
2. Review procedures shall include the opportunity for appeal, without penalty, by individuals or enterprises affected by any administrative action subject to review. If the initial right of appeal is to an administrative body, there shall in all cases be the opportunity to choose to appeal the decision to a judicial body. Notice of the decision on appeal shall be given to the appellant and the reasons for such decision shall be provided in writing. The appellant shall also be informed of any right to further appeal.
3. Non-discrimination
Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of:
(a) the procurement of inputs and goods and services necessary for production and the conditions under which their goods are produced, marketed or sold, in the domestic market and for export; and
(b) the prices and availability of goods and services supplied by national and sub-national authorities and public or state enterprises, in areas including transportation, energy, basic telecommunications, other utilities and factors of production.
4. Special Trade Arrangements
Upon accession, China shall eliminate or bring into conformity with the WTO Agreement all special trade arrangements, including barter trade arrangements, with third countries and separate customs territories, which are not in conformity with the WTO Agreement.
5. Right to Trade
1. Without prejudice to China's right to regulate trade in a manner consistent with the WTO Agreement, China shall progressively liberalize the availability and scope of the right to trade, so that, within three years after accession, all enterprises in China shall have the right to trade in all goods throughout the customs territory of China, except for those goods listed in Annex 2A which continue to be subject to state trading in accordance with this Protocol. Such right to trade shall be the right to import and export goods. All such goods shall be accorded national treatment under Article III of the GATT 1994, especially paragraph 4 thereof, in respect of their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use, including their direct access to end-users. For those goods listed in Annex 2B, China shall phase out limitation on the grant of trading rights pursuant to the schedule in that Annex. China shall complete all necessary legislative procedures to implement these provisions during the transition period.
2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, all foreign individuals and enterprises, including those not invested or registered in China, shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to enterprises in China with respect to the right to trade.
6. State Trading
1. China shall ensure that import purchasing procedures of state trading enterprises are fully transparent, and in compliance with the WTO Agreement, and shall refrain from taking any measure to influence or direct state trading enterprises as to the quantity, value, or country of origin of goods purchased or sold, except in accordance with the WTO Agreement.
2. As part of China's notification under the GATT 1994 and the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of the GATT 1994, China shall also provide full information on the pricing mechanisms of its state trading enterprises for exported goods.
7. Non-Tariff Measures
1. China shall implement the schedule for phased elimination of the measures contained in Annex 3. During the periods specified in Annex 3, the protection afforded by the measures listed in that Annex shall not be increased or expanded in size, scope or duration, nor shall any new measures be applied, unless in conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement.
2. In implementing the provisions of Articles III and XI of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture, China shall eliminate and shall not introduce, re-introduce or apply non-tariff measures that cannot be justified under the provisions of the WTO Agreement. For all non-tariff measures, whether or not referred to in Annex 3, that are applied after the date of accession, consistent with the WTO Agreement or this Protocol, China shall allocate and otherwise administer such measures in strict conformity with the provisions of the WTO Agreement, including GATT 1994 and Article XIII thereof, and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, including notification requirements.
3. China shall, upon accession, comply with the TRIMs Agreement, without recourse to the provisions of Article 5 of the TRIMs Agreement. China shall eliminate and cease to enforce trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, local content and export or performance requirements made effective through laws, regulations or other measures. Moreover, China will not enforce provisions of contracts imposing such requirements. Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of this Protocol, China shall ensure that the distribution of import licences, quotas, tariff-rate quotas, or any other means of approval for importation, the right of importation or investment by national and sub-national authorities, is not conditioned on: whether competing domestic suppliers of such products exist; or performance requirements of any kind, such as local content, offsets, the transfer of technology, export performance or the conduct of research and development in China.
4. Import and export prohibitions and restrictions, and licensing requirements affecting imports and exports shall only be imposed and enforced by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities. Such measures which are not imposed by the national authorities or by sub-national authorities with authorization from the national authorities, shall not be implemented or enforced.
8. Import and Export Licensing
1. In implementing the WTO Agreement and provisions of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, China shall undertake the following measures to facilitate compliance with these agreements:
(a) China shall publish on a regular basis the following in the official journal referred to in paragraph 2(C)2 of this Protocol:
- by product, the list of all organizations, including those organizations delegated such authority by the national authorities, that are responsible for authorizing or approving imports or exports, whether through grant of licence or other approval;
- procedures and criteria for obtaining such import or export licences or other approvals, and the conditions for deciding whether they should be granted;
- a list of all products, by tariff number, that are subject to tendering requirements, including information on products subject to such tendering requirements and any changes, pursuant to the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures;
- a list of all goods and technologies whose import or export are restricted or prohibited; these goods shall also be notified to the Committee on Import Licensing;
- any changes to the list of goods and technologies whose import and export are restricted or prohibited.
Copies of these submissions in one or more official languages of the WTO shall be forwarded to the WTO for circulation to WTO Members and for submission to the Committee on Import Licensing within 75 days of each publication.
(b) China shall notify the WTO of all licensing and quota requirements remaining in effect after accession, listed separately by HS tariff line and with the quantities associated with the restriction, if any, and the justification for maintaining the restriction or its scheduled date of termination.
(c) China shall submit the notification of its import licensing procedures to the Committee on Import Licensing. China shall report annually to the Committee on Import Licensing on its automatic import licensing procedures, explaining the circumstances which give rise to these requirements and justifying the need for their continuation. This report shall also provide the information listed in Article 3 of the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures.
(d) China shall issue import licences for a minimum duration of validity of six months, except where exceptional circumstances make this impossible. In such cases, China shall promptly notify the Committee on Import Licensing of the exceptional circumstances requiring the shorter period of licence validity.
2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Protocol, foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of the distribution of import and export licences and quotas.
9. Price Controls
1. China shall, subject to paragraph 2 below, allow prices for traded goods and services in every sector to be determined by market forces, and multi-tier pricing practices for such goods and services shall be eliminated.
2. The goods and services listed in Annex 4 may be subject to price controls, consistent with the WTO Agreement, in particular Article III of the GATT 1994 and Annex 2, paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Agreement on Agriculture. Except in exceptional circumstances, and subject to notification to the WTO, price controls shall not be extended to goods or services beyond those listed in Annex 4, and China shall make best efforts to reduce and eliminate these controls.
3. China shall publish in the official journal the list of goods and services subject to state pricing and changes thereto.
10. Subsidies
1. China shall notify the WTO of any subsidy within the meaning of Article 1 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ("SCM Agreement"), granted or maintained in its territory, organized by specific product, including those subsidies defined in Article 3 of the SCM Agreement. The information provided should be as specific as possible, following the requirements of the questionnaire on subsidies as noted in Article 25 of the SCM Agreement.
2. For purposes of applying Articles 1.2 and 2 of the SCM Agreement, subsidies provided to state-owned enterprises will be viewed as specific if, inter alia, state-owned enterprises are the predominant recipients of such subsidies or state-owned enterprises receive disproportionately large amounts of such subsidies.
3. China shall eliminate all subsidy programmes falling within the scope of Article 3 of the SCM Agreement upon accession.
11. Taxes and Charges Levied on Imports and Exports
1. China shall ensure that customs fees or charges applied or administered by national or sub-national authorities, shall be in conformity with the GATT 1994.
2. China shall ensure that internal taxes and charges, including value-added taxes, applied or administered by national or sub-national authorities shall be in conformity with the GATT 1994.
3. China shall eliminate all taxes and charges applied to exports unless specifically provided for in Annex 6 of this Protocol or applied in conformity with the provisions of Article VIII of the GATT 1994.
4. Foreign individuals and enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises shall, upon accession, be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to other individuals and enterprises in respect of the provision of border tax adjustments.
12. Agriculture
1. China shall implement the provisions contained in China's Schedule of Concessions and Commitments on Goods and, as specifically provided in this Protocol, those of the Agreement on Agriculture. In this context, China shall not maintain or introduce any export subsidies on agricultural products.
2. China shall, under the Transitional Review Mechanism, notify fiscal and other transfers between or among state-owned enterprises in the agricultural sector (whether national or sub-national) and other enterprises that operate as state trading enterprises in the agricultural sector.
13. Technical Barriers to Trade
1. China shall publish in the official journal all criteria, whether formal or informal, that are the basis for a technical regulation, standard or conformity assessment procedure.
2. China shall, upon accession, bring into conformity with the TBT Agreement all technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures.
3. China shall apply conformity assessment procedures to imported products only to determine compliance with technical regulations and standards that are consistent with the provisions of this Protocol and the WTO Agreement. Conformity assessment bodies will determine the conformity of imported products with commercial terms of contracts only if authorized by the parties to such contract. China shall ensure that such inspection of products for compliance with the commercial terms of contracts does not affect customs clearance or the granting of import licences for such products.
4. (a) Upon accession, China shall ensure that the same technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures are applied to both imported and domestic products. In order to ensure a smooth transition from the current system, China shall ensure that, upon accession, all certification, safety licensing, and quality licensing bodies and agencies are authorized to undertake these activities for both imported and domestic products, and that, one year after accession, all conformity assessment bodies and agencies are authorized to undertake conformity assessment for both imported and domestic products. The choice of body or agency shall be at the discretion of the applicant. For imported and domestic products, all bodies and agencies shall issue the same mark and charge the same fee. They shall also provide the same processing periods and complaint procedures. Imported products shall not be subject to more than one conformity assessment. China shall publish and make readily available to other WTO Members, individuals, and enterprises full information on the respective responsibilities of its conformity assessment bodies and agencies.
(b) No later than 18 months after accession, China shall assign the respective responsibilities of its conformity assessment bodies solely on the basis of the scope of work and type of product without any consideration of the origin of a product. The respective responsibilities that will be assigned to China's conformity assessment bodies will be notified to the TBT Committee 12 months after accession.
14. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
China shall notify to the WTO all laws, regulations and other measures relating to its sanitary and phytosanitary measures, including product coverage and relevant international standards, guidelines and recommendations, within 30 days after accession.
15. Price Comparability in Determining Subsidies and Dumping
Article VI of the GATT 1994, the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("Anti-Dumping Agreement") and the SCM Agreement shall apply in proceedings involving imports of Chinese origin into a WTO Member consistent with the following:
(a) In determining price comparability under Article VI of the GATT 1994 and the Anti-Dumping Agreement, the importing WTO Member shall use either Chinese prices or costs for the industry under investigation or a methodology that is not based on a strict comparison with domestic prices or costs in China based on the following rules:
(i) If the producers under investigation can clearly show that market economy conditions prevail in the industry producing the like product with regard to the manufacture, production and sale of that product, the importing WTO Member shall use Chinese prices or costs for the industry under investigation in determining price comparability;
(ii) The importing WTO Member may use a methodology that is not based on a strict comparison with domestic prices or costs in China if the producers under investigation cannot clearly show that market economy conditions prevail in the industry producing the like product with regard to manufacture, production and sale of that product.
(b) In proceedings under Parts II, III and V of the SCM Agreement, when addressing subsidies described in Articles 14(a), 14(b), 14(c) and 14(d), relevant provisions of the SCM Agreement shall apply; however, if there are special difficulties in that application, the importing WTO Member may then use methodologies for identifying and measuring the subsidy benefit which take into account the possibility that prevailing terms and conditions in China may not always be available as appropriate benchmarks. In applying such methodologies, where practicable, the importing WTO Member should adjust such prevailing terms and conditions before considering the use of terms and conditions prevailing outside China.
(c) The importing WTO Member shall notify methodologies used in accordance with subparagraph (a) to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices and shall notify methodologies used in accordance with subparagraph (b) to the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
(d) Once China has established, under the national law of the importing WTO Member, that it is a market economy, the provisions of subparagraph (a) shall be terminated provided that the importing Member's national law contains market economy criteria as of the date of accession. In any event, the provisions of subparagraph (a)(ii) shall expire 15 years after the date of accession. In addition, should China establish, pursuant to the national law of the importing WTO Member, that market economy conditions prevail in a particular industry or sector, the non-market economy provisions of subparagraph (a) shall no longer apply to that industry or sector.
16. Transitional Product-Specific Safeguard Mechanism
1. In cases where products of Chinese origin are being imported into the territory of any WTO Member in such increased quantities or under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause market disruption to the domestic producers of like or directly competitive products, the WTO Member so affected may request consultations with China with a view to seeking a mutually satisfactory solution, including whether the affected WTO Member should pursue application of a measure under the Agreement on Safeguards. Any such request shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.
2. If, in the course of these bilateral consultations, it is agreed that imports of Chinese origin are such a cause and that action is necessary, China shall take such action as to prevent or remedy the market disruption. Any such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.
3. If consultations do not lead to an agreement between China and the WTO Member concerned within 60 days of the receipt of a request for consultations, the WTO Member affected shall be free, in respect of such products, to withdraw concessions or otherwise to limit imports only to the extent necessary to prevent or remedy such market disruption. Any such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.
4. Market disruption shall exist whenever imports of an article, like or directly competitive with an article produced by the domestic industry, are increasing rapidly, either absolutely or relatively, so as to be a significant cause of material injury, or threat of material injury to the domestic industry. In determining if market disruption exists, the affected WTO Member shall consider objective factors, including the volume of imports, the effect of imports on prices for like or directly competitive articles, and the effect of such imports on the domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products.
5. Prior to application of a measure pursuant to paragraph 3, the WTO Member taking such action shall provide reasonable public notice to all interested parties and provide adequate opportunity for importers, exporters and other interested parties to submit their views and evidence on the appropriateness of the proposed measure and whether it would be in the public interest. The WTO Member shall provide written notice of the decision to apply a measure, including the reasons for such measure and its scope and duration.
6. A WTO Member shall apply a measure pursuant to this Section only for such period of time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy the market disruption. If a measure is taken as a result of a relative increase in the level of imports, China has the right to suspend the application of substantially equivalent concessions or obligations under the GATT 1994 to the trade of the WTO Member applying the measure, if such measure remains in effect more than two years. However, if a measure is taken as a result of an absolute increase in imports, China has a right to suspend the application of substantially equivalent concessions or obligations under the GATT 1994 to the trade of the WTO Member applying the measure, if such measure remains in effect more than three years. Any such action by China shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.
7. In critical circumstances, where delay would cause damage which it would be difficult to repair, the WTO Member so affected may take a provisional safeguard measure pursuant to a preliminary determination that imports have caused or threatened to cause market disruption. In this case, notification of the measures taken to the Committee on Safeguards and a request for bilateral consultations shall be effected immediately thereafter. The duration of the provisional measure shall not exceed 200 days during which the pertinent requirements of paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall be met. The duration of any provisional measure shall be counted toward the period provided for under paragraph 6.
8. If a WTO Member considers that an action taken under paragraphs 2, 3 or 7 causes or threatens to cause significant diversions of trade into its market, it may request consultations with China and/or the WTO Member concerned. Such consultations shall be held within 30 days after the request is notified to the Committee on Safeguards. If such consultations fail to lead to an agreement between China and the WTO Member or Members concerned within 60 days after the notification, the requesting WTO Member shall be free, in respect of such product, to withdraw concessions accorded to or otherwise limit imports from China, to the extent necessary to prevent or remedy such diversions. Such action shall be notified immediately to the Committee on Safeguards.
9. Application of this Section shall be terminated 12 years after the date of accession.
17. Reservations by WTO Members
All prohibitions, quantitative restrictions and other measures maintained by WTO Members against imports from China in a manner inconsistent with the WTO Agreement are listed in Annex 7. All such prohibitions, quantitative restrictions and other measures shall be phased out or dealt with in accordance with mutually agreed terms and timetables as specified in the said Annex.
18. Transitional Review Mechanism
1. Those subsidiary bodies1 of the WTO which have a mandate covering China's commitments under the WTO Agreement or this Protocol shall, within one year after accession and in accordance with paragraph 4 below, review, as appropriate to their mandate, the implementation by China of the WTO Agreement and of the related provisions of this Protocol. China shall provide relevant information, including information specified in Annex 1A, to each subsidiary body in advance of the review. China can also raise issues relating to any reservations under Section 17 or to any other specific commitments made by other Members in this Protocol, in those subsidiary bodies which have a relevant mandate. Each subsidiary body shall report the results of such review promptly to the relevant Council established by paragraph 5 of Article IV of the WTO Agreement, if applicable, which shall in turn report promptly to the General Council.
2. The General Council shall, within one year after accession, and in accordance with paragraph 4 below, review the implementation by China of the WTO Agreement and the provisions of this Protocol. The General Council shall conduct such review in accordance with the framework set out in Annex 1B and in the light of the results of any reviews held pursuant to paragraph 1. China also can raise issues relating to any reservations under Section 17 or to any other specific commitments made by other Members in this Protocol. The General Council may make recommendations to China and to other Members in these respects.
3. Consideration of issues pursuant to this Section shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of any Member, including China, under the WTO Agreement or any Plurilateral Trade Agreement, and shall not preclude or be a precondition to recourse to consultation or other provisions of the WTO Agreement or this Protocol.
4. The review provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 will take place after accession in each year for eight years. Thereafter there will be a final review in year 10 or at an earlier date decided by the General Council.
Part II - Schedules
1. The Schedules annexed to this Protocol shall become the Schedule of Concessions and Commitments annexed to the GATT 1994 and the Schedule of Specific Commitments annexed to the GATS relating to China. The staging of concessions and commitments listed in the Schedules shall be implemented as specified in the relevant parts of the relevant Schedules.
2. For the purpose of the reference in paragraph 6(a) of Article II of the GATT 1994 to the date of that Agreement, the applicable date in respect of the Schedules of Concessions and Commitments annexed to this Protocol shall be the date of accession.
Part III - Final Provisions
1. This Protocol shall be open for acceptance, by signature or otherwise, by China until 1 January 2002.
2. This Protocol shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the day of its acceptance.
3. This Protocol shall be deposited with the Director-General of the WTO. The Director-General shall promptly furnish a certified copy of this Protocol and a notification of acceptance by China thereof, pursuant to paragraph 1 of Part III of this Protocol, to each WTO Member and to China.
4. This Protocol shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Done at Doha this tenth day of November two thousand and one, in a single copy, in the English, French and Spanish languages, each text being authentic, except that a Schedule annexed hereto may specify that it is authentic in only one or more of these languages.
1 Council for Trade in Goods, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Council for Trade in Services, Committees on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions, Market Access (covering also ITA), Agriculture, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Anti-Dumping Measures, Customs Valuation, Rules of Origin, Import Licensing, Trade-Related Investment Measures, Safeguards, Trade in Financial Services.
经典民事代理词
卢宇
尊敬的审判长、审判员：
依据我国民事诉讼法的规定，本人根据本案上诉人丁XXX的委托，担任本上诉案的上诉人的诉讼代理人，依法参加本案二审诉讼活动。现根据庭审情况，向法庭提出如下代理意见，以便法庭在评议本案时兼听则明。
一、 一审法院违背客观事实，主观臆断，认定事实错误，责任划分严重不公
1、 任意推翻两份交通事故责任认定书毫无根据
根据《道路交通安全法》的规定，交通事故认定书是处理交通事故的证据。如果当事人对交通事故认定书持有异议，法院应以其查明的事实为依据，确定赔偿责任；如果没有交通事故认定书，法院仍然应当查明事实，确定赔偿责任；如果当事人对交通事故认定书没有异议，法院可以作为证据，以此确定当事人的赔偿责任。从以上规定可以看出，法律允许法院在交通事故认定书做出的责任划分之外进行赔偿责任认定的前提是当事人对事故认定书均有异议。在本案中，一审原告与被告对第一份事故认定书均无异议（因为第一份事故认定书是原告起诉的依据），且原告之后并未举出有利的证据推翻第一次的事故认定（第二份事故认定书真实性、合法性、关联性均不能被采信，不足以推翻第一份事故认定书）。另外，根据证据规则，当事人应当证明其提供的证据具有真实性、合法性和关联性，法院应当以具备该三性的证据作为认定案件事实的依据，本案中一审原告先后向法院提交了两份冲突的认定书证明其主张，这两份认定书中只有且必有一份是真实和合法的。就第二份而言，其作出的主体并非本次事故勘察员、出现场交警，且不符合有关交通事故处理的程序，其真实性和合法性均存在疑问，那么根据证据规则，该证据不应当被采纳，应当以第一份认定书作为认定的依据。然而，一审法院却认可第二份责任认定书，并以其作为推翻第一份认定书的依据，这显然违背了证据的三性原则。因此，法院也应当依据第一份事故认定书来对双方的责任进行划分。
更不可理解的是，一审法院在认可了第二份认定书后，又不以其作为认定案件事实的依据。既然以第二份来推翻第一份，那么前提是第二份必须是真实的、合法的；既然认定了第二份的真实性和合法性，那么就应当作为定案的依据。然而按照一审法院的逻辑，是以一份非真实合法的认定书来否定另一份的真实合法性，这显然违背了基本的逻辑规则。
同时，一审法院的这种做法也是对行政权的极度不尊重和蔑视。
综上所述，一审法院推翻两份责任认定书具有相当大的随意性。
2、 只认定对被上诉人有利的主张，对上诉人主张的事实拒不认定，严重违背居中审判原则
根据《中华人民共和国法官法》第七条第二项及民事诉讼法相关规定，法官应当居中审理，不得徇私偏袒。然而，在本案的一审中，法官严重违背了该审判原则，只认定对被上诉人有利的主张，对上诉人主张的事实拒不认定，具体体现在以下几个方面：
（1） 歪曲事实，错误认定受害车辆停靠在应急车道上。事实上，成雅高速公路双流段是四车道设计，从左至右第三条车道是货车专用车道，最右面的（即第四条）才是应急车道。无论是交警出具的两份责任认定书还是事故现场图都表明受害车辆停在货车专用车道上而非应急车道上。
（2） 对杨东的询问笔录作对一审原告有利的选择性认定。2008年7月4日01时55分到02时23分成雅高速交警一大队对受害人石XXX同车杨东进行了询问。根据询问笔录，上诉人在一审中已经提出杨东承认石XXX出事前曾喝过两次酒的主张，然而一审法院对此不予认定。相反，对杨东指称的石XXX停车后打开了应急灯的说法却予以认定。事实上事故发时，杨东本人也喝了酒，在停车到事故发生仅一分钟的时间内，其如何能对是否开了应急灯记忆深刻？如果真的打开了应急灯，在车后的余树斌不比他看的更清楚？如果在这种情况下杨东的说法是真实的，那么作为与石XXX关系密切的杨东对在与石XXX相处的几个小时内连续发生的事情以及其对石XXX喝酒的事实的清晰详尽的叙述，更应当被认为是真实的。可为何一审法院就是不予以认定呢？！可见，一审法院的事实认定存在明显的偏向性，明显违背了居中审判的审判原则。
3、 对造成本次事故的因果关系分析及主要原因分析严重违背常理、常识
本案是汽车碰撞事故，要认定造成本次事故的主要原因首先应当对各方行为与本次事故的违法性、关联性和危险性进行分析。
（1） 被撞车辆驾驶员石XXX的行为具有违法性和严重的危险性，与本次事故的发生具有直接关联性，是事故发生的主要原因。
根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第六十八条规定：“机动车在高速公路上发生故障时，应当依照本法第五十二条的有关规定办理；但是，警告标志应当设置在故障车来车方向一百五十米以外，车上人员应当迅速转移到右侧路肩上或者应急车道内，并且迅速报警。”根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》第八十二条第一项的规定：“机动车在高速公路上行驶，不得有下列行为：（一）倒车、逆行、穿越中央分隔带掉头或者在车道内停车………”国家制定该强制性规定的原因在于，车辆在高速公路行驶的速度极快，任何存在于车道上的障碍都会给正常行使的车辆的安全行驶造成巨大威胁，极易发生连环碰撞，酿成重大事故。本案事故发生时石XXX违反法律和行政法规的该强制性规定，违法将机动车停放在货车车道上，已经形成对正常行驶车辆的安全造成威胁，具有很大的危险性。同时，将车辆停在车道上即形成主动接受被其他车辆碰撞的态势，是一种将自己至于危险环境的故意行为。在白天正常视觉条件下尚且危险，更何况在夜间。在这样的情况下，避免发生事故的唯一条件是要求正常行驶条件下的司机时刻保持如同在非正常条件下行驶的高度警惕，这显然是不合理的，也是根本不现实的。因此，在这种情况下，发生事故的可能性极大，是有很大的必然性；而避免事故的发生则具有相当的偶然。因此，被撞车辆驾驶员石XXX的行为具有违法性和严重的危险性，与本次事故的发生具有直接关联性，是事故发生的主要原因。
（2） 上诉人车辆正常行驶，与事故发生不存在必然联系。
首先，上诉人车辆在货车专用行车道上正常行驶。根据《道路交通安全法实施条例》第七十八条规定：高速公路应当标明车道的行驶速度，最高车速不得超过每小时120公里，最低车速不得低于每小时60公里。在高速公路上行驶的小型载客汽车最高车速不得超过每小时120公里，其他机动车不得超过每小时100公里，摩托车不得超过每小时80公里。事故发生时，上诉人车辆的行驶在第三条车道即货车专用车道上且速度在60—70公里/小时，属于正常行驶速度。
其次，事故发生时的客观条件使得上诉人余XXX采取任何措施都是不可能避免事故发生，上诉人余XXX面临不可抗力。根据交警对余XXX的询问笔录可知，事故发生时余XXX距离石XXX车辆之间的距离大约为100米，其左面有车辆在行驶，因此，如果其立即向左变换车道，那么他必定会跟第二条车道上的车辆发生追尾或者碰撞。同时，其不可能选择立即停车，因为这是在高速公路上行驶，如果立即停车他后面同方向高速行驶的汽车会对他追尾。在这种紧急情况下，他至少需要5—6秒钟的反应时间来考虑如何应对这种突发局面。然而，他本人驾驶的汽车时速为60到70公里，也就是17—19.5米每秒，这就是说在5—6秒的反应时间内汽车已经行驶了85米——117米。等到他反应过来立即将汽车进行完全制动时，其与离被撞车辆最多只有15米的距离。根据测试表明，空车在每小时60公里和70公里的速度行驶时，从完全将刹车踩死到制动器起作用需要18米和24米的距离，而将汽车完全停下来需要30.48和39米的距离。可见，即使是空车情况下，在余XXX反应过来应该采取紧急制动措施后仍需要30.5到39米的距离才能将车子完全停下来。事实上余XXX驾驶的汽车满载货物，因此，在惯性的作用下，其需要的有效停车距离应该是在40米以上。根据前面的分析，余XXX采取紧急制动措施时距石XXX仅约15米，根据交警绘制的事故现场图表明石XXX的车被向前推进26米，二者相加为41米。可见，事实与我们的分析相互印证。由此分析可知，上诉人余XXX在正常驾驶时面对了自己根本无法克服的力量，纵然如何努力也不能避免本次事故的发生，事故发生时余XXX面临不可抗力情形。
（3） 漏油和超载不是事故发生的根本和直接原因。
车检报告显示，上诉人车辆“该车第三轴承油封损坏，摩擦片局部被油污染，这将对该车制动效能产生不利影响”。然而事实上，该车的摩擦片仅仅是小局部的污染，其对制动效能的影响力相当的小；同样，该车超载百分之三十也不是事故发生的根本和直接原因。即使这两个因素对汽车制动有影响，其作用与前面的因素相比也是微乎其微。可是，一审法院却以这两个因素作为认定造成事故发生的主要原因，这明显与客观事实不相符合。
4、 综上所述，一审法院违背审判中立原则，偏袒一审原告，主观臆断，认定事实违背常理且明显错误，责任划分严重歪曲事实、严重不公。
二、 一审法院程序严重违法
1、一审法院违反程序对一审原告逾期增加的诉讼予以审理
本案一审中，被上诉人的举证期限截止到2008年9月18日，《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第三十四条第三款的规定，其应当在这个时间点前提出增加或者变更诉讼请求的请求，然而其直到2008年9月30日才提出增加精神损害赔偿和车损赔偿的请求。根据第三十四条第三款的的规定，被上诉人提出的诉讼请求已经逾期，法院应当不予审理。但是，一审法院不仅对其进行了审理，而且判决支持了对方增加的诉讼请求。
2、一审法院违法重新指定举证期限
在本案一审中，被上诉人于举证期限2008年9月18日届满且一审开庭完毕后向法院提交第二份交通事故责任认定书。根据《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第三十四条：“当事人应当在举证期限内向人民法院提交证据材料，当事人在举证期限内不提交的，视为放弃举证权利。对于当事人逾期提交的证据材料，人民法院审理时不组织质证。但对方当事人同意质证的除外。未经质证的证据，不能作为认定案件事实的依据。……”第四十二条：“当事人在一审程序中提供新的证据的，应当在一审开庭前或者开庭审理时提出。”第四十七条：“证据应当在法庭上出示，由当事人质证。”然而，一审法院针对被上诉人的做法违法重新为原告指定举证期限，并将其作为本案的证据予以认定。这种做法明显违反了《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》的规定，明显偏向于被上诉人。
三、 一审法院适用法律错误
本次事故发生，余XXX驾驶的货车同样受到损失。其中为修复车辆花去1500元修车费，因事故发生车辆被迫停运期间的停运损失22491元，这些有上诉人提交的养路费、运管费等支付凭据以及账本为证。根据，《最高人民法院关于交通事故中的财产损失是否包括被损车辆停运损失问题的批复》规定，在交通事故损害赔偿案件中，如果受害人以被损车辆正用于货物运输或者旅客运输经营活动，要求赔偿被损车辆修复期间的停运损失的，交通事故责任者应当予以赔偿。然而一审法院却置事实于不顾，断然拒绝上诉人的诉讼请求。
本案被上诉人系XXX县从事房地产开发的实业企业主，而上诉人仅为一货车车主，二者无论从经济实力还是其他方面比较都差距悬殊。一审法院不顾客观事实和法律的规定，肆意作出裁判，让对上诉人承担33万多元的赔偿责任，这不仅与案件的客观事实不符，也与法律的规定相违背，更没有充分考虑当事人之间的实力差距和风险承受能力对比，是不合情、不合理也不合法的。因此，请求二审法院依法予以纠正。
